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130 Chapter 3
Basic Digital Operation
Differential Encoding
For a bit-by-bit illustration of the encoding process, see the following illustration.
How Differential Encoding Works
Differential encoding employs offsets in the symbol table to encode user-defined modulation
schemes. The Differential State Map table editor is used to introduce symbol table offset
values which in turn cause transitions through the I/Q State Map based on their associated
data value. Whenever a data value is modulated, the offset value stored in the Differential
State Map is used to encode the data by transitioning through the I/Q State Map in a
direction and distance defined by the symbol table offset value.
Entering a value of +1 will cause a 1-state forward transition through the I/Q State Map, as
shown in the following illustration.
NOTE The following I/Q State Map illustrations show all of the possible state
transitions using a particular symbol table offset value. The actual
state-to-state transition would depend upon the state in which the modulation
had started.
As an example, consider the following data/symbol table offset values.
Data Offset Value
00000000 +1
00000001
−1
00000010 +2
1
01 00 1 100
1
1
0
raw (unencoded) data
differentially encoded data
11
11
1
1
1
111
0
0
0
change =
no change =
0
- User’s Guide 1
- Contents 10
- 1 Signal Generator Overview 17
- Signal Generator Features 18
- Front Panel Overview 23
- ΦM. For all these 24
- 10. EXT 2 INPUT 25
- 11. Help Key 25
- 12. Trigger Key 25
- 13. LF OUTPUT 26
- 14. RF OUTPUT 26
- 15. Mod On/Off Key 26
- 16. RF On/Off Key 26
- 17. Numeric Keypad 26
- 31. DATA (Input Connector) 29
- 32. Q (Input Connector) 29
- 33. I (Input Connector) 29
- Front Panel Display 30
- 2. Annunciators 31
- Utility > Error Info 33
- Rear Panel Overview 34
- 5. I-bar OUT Connector 36
- 6. I OUT Connector 36
- 8. Q OUT Connector 37
- 9. Q-bar OUT Connector 38
- 10. EVENT 1 Connector 38
- 11. EVENT 2 Connector 39
- 12. PATT TRIG IN Connector 39
- 13. AUX I/O Connector 40
- 14. DIG I/Q I/O Connector 41
- 15. AC Power Receptacle 42
- 16. GPIB Connector 42
- 17. RS 232 Connector 42
- 18. LAN Connector 43
- 19. TRIG OUT Connector 43
- 20. BURST GATE IN Connector 43
- 21. TRIG IN Connector 44
- 22. 10 MHz IN Connector 44
- 23. SWEEP OUT Connector 44
- 24. 10 MHz OUT Connector 44
- 30 Chapter 1 46
- Signal Generator Overview 46
- Table 1-9 46
- Chapter 1 31 47
- 32 Chapter 1 48
- 2 Basic Operation 49
- Using Table Editors 50
- Table Editor Softkeys 51
- −20 dBm) 54
- Configuring a Swept RF Output 55
- −20 dBm to 0 dBm 56
- −2.5 > dBm 59
- First AM Menu 60
- Modulation Format is Off 60
- Modulation format is On 61
- Modulating the Carrier Signal 62
- Load/Store 67
- Store to File 67
- GPIB Listener Mode 69
- Using Data Storage Functions 70
- Recall or Save hardkey 74
- Delete All Sequences 74
- Enabling Options 75
- Enter terminator softkey 76
- 3 Basic Digital Operation 77
- Not all ARB formats 79
- Save Setup To Header softkey 80
- Dual ARB 83
- Player Softkey 83
- It does not Appear 83
- Select Waveform softkey 86
- ARB Off On to On 86
- Catalog Type softkey 88
- NVWFM softkey 89
- Storing a Header File 90
- Using the Dual ARB Player 92
- Creating Waveform Segments 93
- Playing a Waveform 96
- Editing Waveform Sequences 97
- ARB Player 100
- Save hardkey function with 101
- ARB Sample Clock 102
- Waveform Markers 103
- First-Level Softkey 104
- Not all ARB formats will 104
- Using Waveform Markers 106
- Setting the Marker Polarity 110
- Amplitude 110
- Verifying Marker Operation 114
- Using Waveform Triggers 115
- Amplitude > -10 > dBm 116
- RF On/Off hardkey to On 116
- Trigger hardkey 116
- Using External Triggering 117
- Generating the Waveform 118
- Configuring the RF Output 118
- How Power Peaks Develop 119
- Chapter 3 105 121
- Basic Digital Operation 121
- 108 Chapter 3 124
- FIR Filtering Options 125
- Using Waveform Clipping 127
- Understanding Burst Shape 129
- Burst Shape 132
- .4 > Enter 133
- .6 > Enter 133
- Editing Keys > Clear Text 134
- Edit Item 136
- −0.000076 8 −0.035667 137
- −0.001747 9 −0.116753 137
- −0.005144 10 −0.157348 137
- −0.004424 11 −0.088484 137
- Display Impulse Response 139
- Modifying the Coefficients 142
- Storing the Filter to Memory 143
- Differential Encoding 144
- Differential Data Encoding 145
- Using Differential Encoding 148
- −1.000000). These 4 149
- −1. The symbol rotates 150
- User-Defined I/Q Maps 152
- 0000 0.500000 1.000000 153
- 0001 −0.500000 1.000000 153
- 0010 0.500000 −1.000000 153
- 0011 −0.500000 −1.000000 153
- Moving I/Q Symbols 154
- User-Defined FSK Modulation 156
- Storing an FSK Modulation 157
- −600 > Hz 158
- −1.8 > kHz 158
- Creating and Using Bit Files 159
- Enter These Bit Values 161
- Hexadecimal Data 161
- Positi on 161
- Indicator 161
- Recalling a User File 162
- Cursor moves to new position 163
- Position indicator changes 163
- Bits 4C through 4F inverted 163
- Hex Data changed 163
- Apply Bit Errors 164
- Bit Errors > 5 > Enter 164
- 4 Analog Modulation 165
- Analog Modulation Waveforms 166
- Configuring AM 167
- Configuring FM 168
- Configuring ΦM 169
- Configuring Pulse Modulation 170
- Configuring the LF Output 171
- 158 Chapter 4 174
- Analog Modulation 174
- 5 AWGN Waveform Generator 175
- 6 BERT Testing 177
- Required Equipment 178
- Connecting the Test Equipment 179
- Selecting the BERT Trigger 181
- Starting BERT measurements 181
- Synchronizing to the TCH 189
- Mode > EDGE w/GSM 196
- Makers 196
- Adjusting the Delay Value 197
- Xsymbols()D 227.8–()3.693⁄= 197
- Block Diagram 200
- Clock Gate Function 201
- Clock/Gate Delay Function 202
- Clock Delay Function 203
- Triggering 205
- Data Processing 208
- Repeat Measurements 209
- Testing Signal Definitions 210
- RF Loopback BER–Option 300 211
- Erased Frame Detection 212
- Downlink Errors 212
- Frame Structure 212
- 198 Chapter 6 214
- BERT Testing 214
- 7 Bluetooth Signals 215
- Setting Up Packet Parameters 217
- Setting up Impairments 219
- AWGN Off On to On 220
- Using Burst 221
- Using Clock/Gate Delay 222
- Turning On a Bluetooth Signal 223
- 208 Chapter 7 224
- Bluetooth Signals 224
- 8 CDMA Digital Modulation 225
- −10 dBm 226
- −12.72) in table row 3 228
- Edit Channel Setup 229
- Edit Item > 4800 232
- Edit Item > −10 > dB 232
- Return 232
- Return > Return 233
- Preset 236
- Edit Item > –825 > kHz 237
- Edit Item > –10 > dB 237
- RF On/Off 238
- Editing Channel Setups 240
- Adjusting Code Domain Power 242
- Managing Noise 243
- Editing the Mobile Setup 246
- Scale to 0 dB 249
- Waveform 252
- IS-95A Modulation 254
- ” on page 242 257
- Edit Item > −625 > kHz 258
- Return > CDMA Off On 258
- 244 Chapter 8 260
- CDMA Digital Modulation 260
- 9 Custom Digital Modulation 261
- −5 dBm 262
- Edit Keys > Clear Text 264
- ” on page 249 265
- −10 dBm 266
- Modulation State 267
- 10 GPS Modulation 271
- Option Overview 272
- GPS Concepts 273
- Chip Clock Reference 275
- User Files 277
- GPS Operation 278
- −0.5 to 5.5 V 279
- GPS Ref (f0) softkey 280
- Testing Receiver Sensitivity 281
- Selecting the Data Format 284
- Setting Up the GPS Receiver 284
- 270 Chapter 10 286
- GPS Modulation 286
- Multitone Waveform Generator 287
- Removing a Tone 289
- Storing a Multitone Waveform 290
- Mode > Multitone 291
- 276 Chapter 11 292
- 12 Real Time TDMA Formats 293
- EDGE Framed Modulation 294
- GSM Framed Modulation 296
- DECT Framed Modulation 298
- PHS Framed Modulation 300
- PDC Framed Modulation 302
- NADC Framed Modulation 304
- TETRA Framed Modulation 306
- 292 Chapter 12 308
- Real Time TDMA Formats 308
- Component Test 309
- Edit Item > 2 > dB 312
- Edit Item > 3 > dB 312
- Edit Item > 1 > dB 312
- Edit Item > 8 313
- Edit Item > PN9 313
- Edit Item > 1 > Enter 313
- Composite 318
- Waveform Clip softkey 318
- Apply Multicarrier softkey 319
- W-CDMA Uplink Modulation 322
- Apply To Waveform softkey 325
- W-CDMA Concepts 327
- 312 Chapter 13 328
- Understanding TPC Values 329
- −4.02 dB, −3.02 dB 331
- −5.02 dB respectively 331
- field 332
- field has a range of 333
- field entry and the 333
- W-CDMA Frame Structures 336
- 322 Chapter 13 338
- 324 Chapter 13 340
- Table 13-3 DPDCH Fields 340
- Chapter 13 325 341
- Table 13-4 DPCCH Fields 341
- 326 Chapter 13 342
- 14 W-CDMA Downlink Digital 343
- Using W-CDMA Downlink 344
- Applying New Settings 350
- W-CDMA Downlink Concepts 352
- Transport 354
- Scramble Codes 355
- AWGN 3.84 MHz Values 357
- Flat Noise Bandwidth 357
- AWGN 7.68 MHz Entries 357
- Ec/No Channel Selection 358
- Chapter 14 345 361
- Equipment Setup 364
- Chapter 15 349 365
- Understanding the PRACH 366
- Preamble 367
- Message Part 368
- Power Control 370
- PRACH Power Setup softkey 371
- Power Control Modes 376
- − 10 Log[1 + 10 377
- 362 Chapter 15 378
- −20 > dBm 381
- 7 > dB 382
- 4 > Enter 382
- Edit Item > AICH 387
- 1 > Enter 387
- Multiple PRACH Overview 391
- Multiple PRACH 394
- ESG Carrier Power 395
- 506 > Enter 399
- Waiting for 400
- Trigger Received 400
- Softkey is now Active 400
- 10 ms TTI 402
- −25 dBm (preamble 405
- −30 dBm + 5 dB Pp-m) 405
- 15 > Enter 406
- 5 > Enter 406
- Clear All Pos of Selected UE 409
- 2 > Enter 410
- Apply Channel Setup 410
- Timing Settings 411
- Rear Panel Setup 416
- Configuring the ESGs 417
- Out of Sync 418
- Annunciator 418
- LF Out Off On to On 420
- Mode > W-CDMA 422
- Measure > Occupied BW 422
- 125 > Enter 424
- 10 > Enter 424
- TrCH State Off On to On 425
- TrCH Setup 425
- Edit Item > 1/3 Conv 426
- 256 > Enter 426
- Apply Channel Setup softkey 426
- 8 > Enter 428
- 416 Chapter 15 432
- Adding Noise 433
- 10 > dB 434
- −35 dB to −34 dB) 437
- Power Hold Off On to Off 438
- Power Hold Off On to On 438
- Reset to Initial Power 438
- Configuring the UE Setup 439
- Selecting an Output Signal 442
- Deselecting an Output Signal 443
- NONE(RPSO) 444
- Setting Equal Channel Powers 446
- W-CDMA Uplink Concepts 447
- Measure Setup 448
- Sync Source 455
- FClk SFN 455
- Synchronization Diagrams 460
- , and timeslot offset 461
- Synchronization Annunciator 467
- DPCH 3.84 MHz Values 471
- PRACH 3.84 MHz Values 471
- Eb/No Data Sources 472
- Data Source Field 472
- Chapter 15 457 473
- DPCCH/DPDCH Frame Structure 474
- Chapter 15 459 475
- Table 15-12 DPCCH Fields 475
- Table 15-11 DPDCH Fields 475
- 460 Chapter 15 476
- 16 Troubleshooting 477
- If You Encounter a Problem 478
- Cannot Turn Off Help Mode 479
- No RF Output 479
- SIGNAL GENERATOR 480
- OUTPUT CONTROL 480
- RF Output Power too Low 483
- Sweep Appears to be Stalled 484
- Cannot Turn Off Sweep Mode 484
- Data Storage 485
- Recall > 99 > Enter 486
- Signal Generator Lock-Up 487
- ΦM calibration 488
- Upgrading Firmware 489
- Chapter 16 475 491
- Troubleshooting 491
- 476 Chapter 16 492
- Numerics 493
- Index478 494
- Index 479 495
- Index480 496
- Index 481 497
- Index482 498
- Index 483 499
- Index484 500
- Index 485 501
- Index486 502
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